Role Ofnon Governmental Organizations in Tribal Development in India

Introduction				Schemes of Educational Complex in Low Literacy
The non-governmental or the voluntary organisations				Pockets
have been playing a crucial role in all the				The Scheme was introduced in 1993-94 in 136
socio-economic spheres, including that of the tribal				districts with less than 10 per cent literacy rate
peoples, in India. At one level, they can be termed as				among tribal women. It is being implemented through:
the ‘means’ by which the nation makes				1.
optimum use of its human resources. However, the				Non-Governmental Organizations
mushrooming of voluntary organisations working in				2.
the field of rural development in recent years has				Institutions set up by the Government as
generated widespread debate about their role,				Autonomous Bodies and
structure, programmes and performance.				3.
				Registered Co-operative Societies.
A unique feature of voluntary organisations is that				Objectives: The primary objective of the scheme is
they stimulate voluntary action among the target				the promotion of education among tribal girls in the
community and involve the progressive elements of				targeted districts of the country. The secondary
that community. In the present context of human				objective is to improve the socio-economic status of
resource development, voluntary organisations, in				the economically backwards and the illiterate tribal
their functioning, have demonstrated the freedom				masses.
and flexibility of working with a personal touch, a
capacity for initiative and experimentation with novel				Coverage: The scheme covers 136 districts with less
programmes. Thus, voluntary organisations exercise				than 10 percent literacy among ST women spread
full freedom in selecting localities for programme				over 14 States namely Andhra Pradesh, Bihar,
implementation and are free of bureaucratic hassles.				Chattisgarh, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh,
In the Indian context, the attributes of a tribe are				Orissa, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh,
that they live in relative isolation of hills and covered				Uttaranchal and West Bengal.
forests, and often in geographical areas inaccessible
to the mainstream population. Tribes generally are				Procedure for Release of Grant-in-aid and Funding
groups without a written letter or script. Their sense				Pattern
of history is shallow or mixed with mythology, and in				1.
terms of their cultural ethos, language, customs,				The extent of assistance under the scheme would
institutions and beliefs, they stand out from other				be 100% in all cases.
sections of society.				2.
In India, tribes have different names such as				In the event of the Ministry of Welfare itself
vanyajati, vanavasi, pahariya, adimajati, janajati,				executing any element of the programme i.e.
anusuchit jati and scheduled tribes -- all of which				engagement of consultants, for project formulation,
mean the ‘aboriginal’. India stands second				monitoring and evaluation, as well as expenses
interms of tribal population after Africa in the world.				towards cost of training of NGO functionaries, etc,
According to the 2001 Census, the total population of				full cost shall be borne from the budgetary provision
the tribals is 84.2 million, and accounts for 8.2% of				of the scheme.
the country’s population. There are about 689				3.
scheduled tribes speaking about 105 languages and				Under the programme, while predefined cost heads
225 subsidiary languages. They have traditionally lived				are stipulated at the project formulation stage, each
in about 15% of the nation’s geographical area,				implementing agency shall submit a detailed project
mainly forests, hills and the undulating inaccessible				proposal clearly bringing out the programme
terrain in plateau areas that are rich in natural				modalities and individual expenditure heads. Ministry of
resources. They have lived mostly as isolated entities				Welfare while approving the project shall indicate the
for centuries together and this explains their				extent of support to the project as a whole as well
politico-socio-economic backwardness.				as to each component of the project against which
				re-appropriation to the extent 20% of the total grant
However, we have to acknowledge that even				shall be permissible.
before the freedom struggle a few voluntary				Salient Feature: Educational complexes can be set up
organisations were active in the sphere of tribal				in rural areas in the notified districts and can have
welfare. They also played a significant role in the field				classes up to V with provision for up-gradation up to
of rural development and nation building and				Class XII provided they have sufficient
continued to do so. Many great personalities took				accommodation for classrooms, hostels, kitchen, and
initiatives to form such organisations, which at				garden and for sporting facilities. These educational
present, are performing a key role at the grassroots				complexes impart not only formal education to tribal
level in implementing various developmental works.				girls but also train students in agriculture, animal
Until such time that a genuinely democratic machinery				husbandry and other vocations and crafts as to
of governance evolves, there will remain a strong				make them skilled for leading a better life. The
urge for voluntary organisations to play a mediating				teaching from classes I to III is imparted in tribal
role between the State and the people.				dialects of the area and women with proficiency in
				tribal dialect are engaged as teachers. The strength
As early as 1871, the Bhil Seva Mandal came up in				of students for each class is fixed at 30, however a
Gujarat. At that time, A.V. Thakkar was the moving				maximum of 10 more students, if available, in the
spirit behind voluntary organisations committed to				locality are admitted as day scholars.
tribal development. By the time India got				Performance of the schemes
independence, he could establish more than 20				Table 1: Grant- in-aid to voluntary working for the
voluntary institutions in different parts of the country.				welfare of scheduled Tribes
Some other leaders in the Indian National Congress				(Rs in Crores)
were also involved in tribal development activities. Dr.				Year
Rajendra Prasad’s Bharatiya Adim Jati Sevak				Allocation
Sangh helped a lot in shaping the tribal policy when				Expenditure
the Indian Constitution at the drafting stage. Various				2001-2002
approaches have been evolved in the country in the				2002-2003
domain of tribal affairs; prominent among them are				2003-2004
the voluntary agency approach, the political approach				2004-2005
and the anthropological approach. These three				2005-2006
approaches find support in three important policies: 1.				2006-2007
Policy of Isolation 2. Policy of Assimilation and 3. Policy				BE RE
of Integration.				27.00 ---
After Independence, the policy of integration was				32.00 31.95
found to be the most suitable one. Also, Nehru’s				30.00 25.21
concept of tribal integration was reflected in the				30.00 29.00
successive five-year plans. The policy of integration is				22.00 22.00
the outcome of serious research activities				26.00 30.00
undertaken by many social anthropologists in India. Its				11.00
main objective is ‘social integration and cultural				30.4866
assimilation’. It was in the fifth five-year plan that				26.9030
the tribal sub-plan (TSP) approach was adopted. In				29.3008
order to fulfill the sub-plan objectives nearly 198				26.1087
ITDAs and 257 MADA pocket, 78 clusters and 75				14.08 (upto31.12.06)
micro projects for primitive tribal groups (PTGs) were				Source: status of Tribal in India.
set up all over the country. Consequently, various				From this table it can be concluded there is not much
strategies came into being. With the passage of time,				increase in the amount spent for the tribal welfare
it has widely been noted that the programmes and				through Grant-in-aid. In the year 2001-02 an amount
activities related to tribal development cannot be				of 27 crores was allocated but only eleven crores
implemented by the governments alone. Thus, the				was spent. In the following years all most all the
significance of participation of the community and the				allocated amount was spent completely but there no
role of voluntary organisations/NGOs was realised in				increase in the budget allocation.
this all-important sphere.				Establishment of Ashram schools
Objectives:				The Ashram schools have played an important role in
To study the role of NGO’s / voluntary				raising the literacy levels of the scheduled Tribes.
organizations in tribal development.				They provide the necessary environment conductive
To study the budgetary allocations for tribal welfare.				to learning. The schedule is in operation since 1990-91.
To analyse the amount spent for various				Construction of Girls Hostel for scheduled Tribes
developmental programs like vocational training				The main objective of the scheme is to ensure
centres and literacy programs.				adequate enrolment of scheduled Tribes girls in
To study the tribal participation in the NGO sector.				educational institutions, particularly at the school
Methodology:				stage. The scheme of girls’ hostels for scheduled
The present study used the literature available in				tribes has been in operation since the Third Five Year
different tribal welfare departments, government of				Plan.
India source on tribal welfare, its budgetary allocation				Construction of Boys Hostel for Schedule Tribes
and their analysis. A detailed analysis was made using				The main objective of the scheme is to ensure
budgetary allocations and their expenditure on the				adequate enrolment of Scheduled Tribes boys in
literacy rate improvement, vocational training and				educational institutions, particularly, at the high school
other welfare activities. An interpretation was made				level. The scheme of Boys Hostel for Scheduled
from the financial year 2001-02 to 2006-07 on the				Tribes has been in operation since 1989-90 under the
different developmental programs.				Centrally-sponsored scheme of Establishment of
Voluntary organisations are necessary:				Boy’s Hostel in Tribal Sub-Plan areas.
1.to supplement government efforts in such fields				Schemes for Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs)
where the administrative machinery has no reach				Objective: There are certain tribal communities that
2.to fight against policies and actions which encourage				are having low levels of literacy, declining or stagnant
exploitation of the helpless groups and render help to				population, and pre-agriculture level of technology and
such social groups, including the tribal groups, to stand				are economically backward. There are 75 such groups
on their own feet to protect their ways of living and				in 15 States/UTs that have been identified and
lifestyles.				categorized as the Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs).
A voluntary organisation can easily adapt itself to the				Each of these groups is small in number, differentially
needs of the people. A sensitive worker can assess				developed with respect to one another, of remote
each specific situation with sympathy and personal				habitat with poor administrative and infrastructure
care. Thus, the gulf that arises between what should				back up. Therefore, they are in urgent need of
be done and what is being done as a result of some				support from the government as well as the
what inflexible operation of the administrative				non-government agencies. Their protection and
apparatus, can be bridged.				development at par with other tribal groups has to
Objectives of NGOs / voluntary organisations				be accorded utmost priority.
Whatever the nature of NGOs/voluntary
organisations, they play a key role in the upliftment				The problems and needs of PTGs are quite different
of the weaker sections of society. The objectives of				from other scheduled tribes. Since they constitute
voluntary or non-governmental agencies include some				the most vulnerable among tribal groups, States/UTs
or all of the following:				have been requested to allocate requisite funds and
1.				plan special schemes for their socio-economic
To create an awareness regarding participation in				development. However, there are areas/activities,
socio-economic development				which though very crucial for the survival, protection
2.				and development of PTGs, are not specifically
To create an able and efficient local leadership				catered to by any existing scheme. Funds under this
3.				scheme should be used for such activities.
To assist in the planned efforts to create				Scope: Such provisions/activities should not be
socio-economic infrastructural facilities				identified only at the central level as they may differ
4.				from State to State and within a State from project
To facilitate the process of expanding employment				to project (ITDA). However, funds under the
opportunities				scheme could be used for helping the beneficiaries of
5.				the project to cope with extremely adverse
To induce appropriate persons to set up small scale				situations that threaten their very survival and
productions and				protect them against various forms of exploitation
6.				thereby bringing them to a stage from where they
To make the tribals give up the pre-agricultural				can demand and receive specific assets and services.
technology and seek better education.				The activities under the scheme may include
Role of NGOs / voluntary organisations				measures such as awareness generation and
NGOs/voluntary organisations have a long history of				confidence-building, training for skill development of
active involvement in the promotion of human				tribal youth, self help groups and provision of services
welfare and development. They come up with a				inputs not covered by any existing scheme. In terms
mission to serve a human cause,				of beneficiaries, the scheme can cover maximum
spontaneously-voluntarily and without any compulsion				number of the PTGs.
or control, to fulfill certain needs of specific groups of				Implementing agency: The scheme will be
people. These organisations are flexible and possess				implemented through integrated tribal development
the virtue of humanitarian service with concern.				projects (ITDP) / Integrated Tribal Development
Voluntary action is the soul of social action as this				agencies (ITDAs), tribal research institutes (TRI) and
medium secures active involvement of the people				non governmental organisations having requisite skills
from policy making to implementation of				and determination. The State government concerned
programmes. Their activities cover a diverse range of				will be responsible for proper execution,
functions in the welfare sector. The programmes of				implementation, supervision and coordination of the
voluntary organisations are strictly service-oriented,				scheme, including selection of NGOs.
professional in nature and specialized in functions. The				Terms& Conditions
essential feature of voluntary action is that it fixes				1.
the problem. It starts to not only to solve a problem				The financial assistance as provided under the
but also to prevent the occurrence of it. Voluntary				scheme should be utilized for the purpose it has been
action, thus, ultimately aims at creating a situation				sanctioned and for the welfare of the members of
conducive to the development of potentialities in				the Primitive Tribal Groups
individuals, groups and communities so they can find				2.
solutions to their problems and realise their ultimate				The financial assistance given to ITDPs/ ITDAs and
goals.				TRIs would deemed to be given to the state
Regarding the role and nature of voluntary				governments concerned and rules and regulation
organisations, there appears to be two different				governing the grant in aid to States / UTs will apply
views. Some are happy with the functioning of such				to them.
organisations and plead for their increasing role.				3.
According to them, these organisations should be				The implementing agency shall allow the
given ample scope to serve people. For, the				representative of the Ministry of Tribal Affairs or the
government agencies, crippled as they are with				State government to monitor or evaluate the actual
bureaucratic complications and rigidity, have failed to				working of the scheme.
work satisfactorily. Others hold that it is undesirable				4.
to give undue importance and authority to voluntary				The private agencies (NGOs) shall furnish a certificate
agencies as there is a great possibility of				to the effect that they accept the grant sanctioned
institutionalizing the chances.				to them subject to terms and conditions laid down
In this context, the suggestion is that the voluntary				by the Tribal Affairs Ministry. They should also furnish
organisations should be given ample scope to work in				a bond with two sureties in the name of the
collaboration and co-operation with the government				competent authority signed by an office bearer duly
agencies and subject to strict government scrutiny				authorized by the Board of Directors of the agency
and monitoring. The need for involving the NGOs in				for the actual implementation of the scheme and
rural development was highlighted and acknowledged				submit accounts of the grant sanctioned by the
by various official committees set up by the				ministry.
Government of India. One of these was the Balwant				Table 2: Grant-in-aid to low literacy pockets in tribal
Rai Mehta Committee (1957) which in its report				areas (Rs in Crores).
emphasized that during the implementation of				Year
community development schemes more and more				Allocation
emphasis should be laid on NGO’s /VOs. The				Expenditure
Dhebar Commission in its report on the scheduled				2002-2003
areas and Scheduled Tribes opined that the principle				2003-2004
of active and purposeful participation of people at all				2004-2005
levels could best be served by assigning an important				2005-2006
role to non-official organisations. It is necessary in any				BE RE
democratic framework to take up some of the				8.00 7.00
nation-building activities under non-official auspices.				8.00 6.00
The report of the committee on Panchayat Raj				8.50 8.00
Institutions (1973) appreciated the role of voluntary				6.00 6.00
organisations in the development of rural and interior				6.00
areas. The committee reiterated that these				5.7482
organisations could be particularly involved in				7.6793
conceiving projects and schemes. They can be of				6.00 (upto31.12.05)
great help in creating strong public opinion in support				Source: Status of tribal in India
of measures of social change. The Sivaraman				From the table 2 one can observe that the
Committee set up by the Government of India also				expenditure incurd was not the total amount
recommended involvement of voluntary organisations				sanctioned. For example in the year 2002 -03 an
in planning and implementation of the integrated rural				amount of 7 crores rupees was allocated but only 6
development programmes. Thus, there exists a				crores was spent. It is nearly the same spending in
widespread agreement among all the concerned that				the next three following financial years.
voluntary organisations have an important role to play				Vocational Training Centers
in the overall development of the rural areas.				Objectives: There is a great need for vocational
Grant-in-Aid to voluntary organisations for the				training centers in tribal areas where the Left wing
welfare of the Scheduled Tribes				extremism is on the rise. Large-scale unemployment
The Ministry of Tribal Affairs is the key governmental				has been stoking rebellious tendencies among the
agency with respect to the welfare and development				tribal youth in such areas. The extremism is
of the tribal peoples all over the country. It is the				manifestation of frustration and lack of faith in the
responsibility of the ministry to reach the target				present pattern of development. It is necessary that
groups, particularly the tribals living in remote and				both the State and Central governments should
inaccessible areas. The objective is to bring them into				make efforts to wean away the tribal youth from
the mainstream of development by assisting them to				disruptive activities. Establishing vocational training
overcome their social, psychological and educational				institutes and creating a wide range of employment
backwardness. Capacity building is the key factor				opportunities can be the way forward.
here. Such training would equip them to employ their				Table 3: Grant-in-aid for vocational training centres in
capabilities to their fullest potential thereby reducing				tribal areas (Rs in Crores)
their reliance on others and achieving self-sustenance				Year
to the maximum extent possible – which is the				Allocation
ultimate goal of the government.				Expenditure
				2002-2003
The NGOs supplement the efforts of the State in				2003-2004
ensuring that the benefits reach the maximum				2004-2005
number of people. In certain cases, voluntary				2005-2006
organisations are in a better position to implement				BE RE
the governmental schemes in a more efficient				6.00 3.00
manner than the administrative machinery. This is				4.00 2.00
primarily attributable to the highly committed and				4.00 1.50
dedicated human resources that are available with				1.40 1.40
the voluntary organisations. The role of NGOs was in				2.3044
the reckoning since the first five-year plan. Many				1.1801
organisations have done commendable job in tribal				0.5654
areas and are still active. Since the last two decades,				0.7341 (upto31.12.05)
there has been an exponential growth in the number				Source: Status of tribal in India
of NGO/VOs approaching the ministry of tribal affairs				From the table 3, the amount spent for vocational
for financial assistance.				training centers is very less and also the amount
It has been felt that along with few very dedicated				being spent on such programs is being reduced. In
and committed voluntary organisations /				the year 2002-03 though the amount that was
non-governmental organisations a large number of				sanctioned was 3 crores, only 2.3 crores was spent.
other organisations have also come up that want to				This trend continued in the following years.
grab public funds for their narrow and selfish				Non-governmental organisations shall meet the
interests. The ministry would take all the possible				following requirements:
steps to curb the entry of such voluntary				1.
organisations/non–governmental organisations in				2.
the field of tribal welfare. The Ministry of Tribal				It is a registered body under an appropriate Act so
Affairs feels that some organisations solely depend				that it gets a corporate status. A legal personality
on aid from the government. This situation has to				and a group liability have to be established for its
change. The voluntary organisations should aim to				activities.
expand their effort on the support from the				3.
government and thereafter establish other support				It has an appropriate administrative structure and a
systems that could free them from financial				duly constituted managing/executive committee
constraints.				4.
It should be the intention of the organisations to				The aims and objects of the organisations and
obtain support of other sources for their work. This				programmes in fulfillment of those aims and objects
can happen after they establish themselves with the				are preciously laid down and
support of the government and prove their				5.
usefulness to society, at large. If the impression that				The organisation is initiated and governed by its own
NGOs can support themselves financially gains ground,				members on democratic principles without any
then the support of corporate houses and even the				external control.
community would follow as a natural consequence.				Procedure for Release of Grant-in-Aid
Contribution, both in kind and cash, would come easily				1.
once their credentials are firmly established. Additional				Under the scheme, 100% Central assistance will be
resources, if necessary, could also be mobilised.				given to States/UTs/NGOs for setting up and running
Voluntary organisations should make all possible				of vocational training centres.
efforts to involve the community in their work.				2.
Community participation helps in building confidence				In the event of ministry of welfare itself executing
among the people and in providing feedback for				any element of the programme i.e. engagement of
further improvement and reorientation of the				consultants for project formulation, monitoring and
programmes. Thus, the long-term interests of the				evaluation as well as expenses towards cost of
tribal communities can be served. The Ministry of				training of NGO functionaries etc. full cost shall be
Tribal Affairs endeavors to provide full advantage of				borne from the budgetary provision of the scheme.
all schemes to the non-governmental organisations				3.
voluntary organisations that have absolute credentials				Under the programme while no predefined cost
in the field of tribal welfare. It also wants to promote				heads shall be stipulated at the project formulation
new groups with brilliant ideas and new strategies for				stage, each implementing agency shall submit a
the speedy development of the targeted people.				detailed project proposal clearly bringing out the
It has been the constant endeavor of the ministry to				programme modalities and individual expenditure
identify the voluntary organisations/non-governmental				heads. Ministry of welfare while approving the
organisations which have an all India character and				projects shall indicate the extent of support to the
known for their selfless service and facilitate them				project as whole as well as to each component of
with some preferential treatment with regard to				the project against which re-appropriation to the
sanction of new proposals and relaxation of certain				extent of 20%of the total grant shall be permitted.
norms and conditions relating to release of annual				Conclusion
grants. In this direction, the ministry has identified a				In India, we have a pluralistic society as opposed to a
few such organisations and categorized them as				monolithic culture. The voluntary organisations cater
“Established Voluntaries Agencies (EVAs)”				to the needs of our cultural plurality. If we would like
The following organisations have been identified as				to avoid concentration of power in the hands of a
the EVAs by the ministry:				few, we must retain this multi-ethnic character of a
1.				free society and make full use of it. Voluntary
Ram Krishna Mission and its affiliated organisations				organisations can serve as ‘power breakers’.
2.				Efforts should be made to prepare people for a new
Akhil Bharatiya Banavasi Kalyan Ashram				kind of society through voluntary work. When the
3.				State’s resources are limited, voluntary action
Bharat Sevashram Sangh and its affiliates				would bring forth additional resources and cover the
4.				areas hitherto uncovered by the State. In view of
Bharatiya Adim Jati Sevak Sangh				their flexibility in operation, ability at experimentation
5.				and innovation, pioneering spirit and other such
Seva Bharati & its affiliated organisations				qualities, voluntary organisations can continue to work
6.				for better standards, better methods and better
Vidya Bharati and its affiliated organisations				forms of organisation. There is an argument that at
7.				the empirical-existential level voluntary agencies are
Swami Vivekanand Youth Movement				nothing but the stooges of the ruling elite and the
Schemes in the voluntary sector				corporate sector, mainly of the capital finance
There are three on-going schemes with the ministry,				variety. In this new role, voluntary organisations have
which are open to participation of the voluntary and				created a crisis that begs a comprehensive solution.
non-governmental organisations. The schemes are:				However, given the circumstances in terms of
1.				administrative or governmental reach, especially in the
Grant–in–aid to voluntary organisations				implementation of welfare schemes for the tribal
working for welfare of scheduled tribes (GVWST).				peoples, we for once cannot deny the positive role
2.				of the non-governmental organisations. There are
Educational complex in low literacy pockets for the				many areas yet to blink the state’s radar. They
development of women’s literacy in tribal areas				are either very remote or inaccessible. In such a
(ECLP)				situation, the concerned and committed civil society
3.				groups have no other alternative but voluntary
Vocational training centers (VTC)				approach. The role of NGOs in the fields of education,
In addition to the said schemes, the ministry has an				health, sanitation, housing and particularly agriculture
exclusive programme for non-governmental				has not been a wide ranging one. We shall hope they
organisations with regard to the development of				would expand their area of action.
primitive tribal groups (PTGs)				References:
Scheme of grant-in-aid to voluntary organisations				1.
working for the welfare of the scheduled tribes				G.S. Ghurye, The scheduled Tribes, 2nd Edition, 1958
(GVWST)				2.
Objective: The prime objective of the scheme is to				Dhebar, Commission Report on Scheduled Areas and
provide for an overall improvement and development				Scheduled Tribes, Delhi, 1961.
of the target group i.e., the scheduled tribes though				3.
voluntary efforts in the fields of education, health &				D.R. Methe, “Legal Protection to Tribals and Tribal
sanitation, environment, drinking water and legal				Development A New Deal for Tribals and Tribal
services as well as the need-based socio-economic				Development” in S.G. Deogaonkar (ed), Problems
upliftment efforts. It also supports other relevant				of Development of Tribal Areas, 1980
activity deemed appropriate and having a direct				4.
impact on the target group. The scheme is under				Verrier Elwin, A New Deal for Tribal India, 1963
implementation since 1953-54.				5.
Salient features: The grants are provided to the				S.C. Dude, “Approaches to Tribal Problems in
non-governmental organisations on their application in				India, Kitab Mahal, Allahabad, 1968
prescribed formats, in the form of supporting				6.
projects that meet the objectives of the scheme.				Kulkarni, V.M. Voluntary Action in a Developing
The NGO’s are required to maintain separate				Society, New Delhi, Indian Institute of Public
accounts in respect of the grants released to them,				Administration, 1969.
which are open for inspection by all appropriate				7.
officers/agencies of the government. The NGO is				Gore, M.S., ‘Relative Roles of State and
also required to maintain separate accounts of				Voluntary Agencies in the Organisation of Social
Grant-in-Aid audited by the Government Auditor or a				Services”, Proceedings of the seminar on ‘So
Registered Chartered Accountant and submit				Administration in Developing Countries’, New
complete set of copies of Audited Statement of				Delhi, India International Centre, New Delhi, 1964,
Accounts as prescribed by the Ministry. The grants				8.
are generally made in two installments every year				Franda, Marcus, Voluntary Associations and Local
subject to satisfactory performance of the NGO.				Development in India : The Janta phase, New Delhi,
Activities of the NGOs are monitored as per the				Young Asia Publications, 1983
established provisions of the Financial Rules besides				9.
field inspection by the Ministry or the State				Verghese, B.G., “Voluntary Action: A New Mission
Government officials or by any other agency				for the New Missionaries”, Voluntary Action, XIV:
designated by the Ministry.				1, January- October, 1977
Funding Pattern: Funds are granted – to the				10.
extent of 100 per cent – directly to the				Windey, M.A. “A Rural Reconstruction Movement
Non-Governmental Organizations working in the				in India “ Voluntary Action, XVIII: 3-4 March- April
Scheduled Areas based on the recommendations of				, 1976
the State Governments and the Union Territories.				11.
The non-governmental organizations are supported to				Shah, Ghanshyam and Chaturvedi, H.R. Gandhian
the extent of 90 percent of the project cost for				Approach to Rural Development: The Valid
projects in areas other than Scheduled Areas.				Experiment, Delhi, Ajanta Book International, 1983
However, the Ministry of Tribal Affairs has the				1M. RAKESH. M.A., B.Ed. Department of Economics,
discretion to assist even up to hundred percent.				Osmania University. Hyderabad.

K-12 Education

Role Ofnon Governmental Organizations in Tribal Development in India